Por BRUNO MOTTA

Vitamina D

A Vitamina D foi descoberta no ano de 1922. Naquela época, os pesquisadores acreditavam que ela só poderia ser obtida através da alimentação, exatamente por causa disso que ela foi chamada de “vitamina”.

A letra D, significa que ela foi a quarta substância a ser descoberta, depois das vitaminas A, B e C.

Porém, na década de 70 os pesquisadores descobriram que ela poderia ser sintetizada pelo organismo. 

Ao contrário do que se pensava até então, a Vitamina D não é uma vitamina, mas sim um hormônio esteróide lipossolúvel.

Isso quer dizer, que uma alimentação rica em Vitamina D não é suficiente pro nosso organismo. É necessário realizar outras ações, como tomar sol diariamente e/ou suplementar.

Através desse artigo,  eu vou te explicar melhor sobre a importância da vitamina D para a nossa saúde, e a relação dela com doenças neurodegenerativas, câncer, problemas cardiovasculares e  vou te mostrar o que você precisa fazer para manter níveis ótimos de concentração de Vitamina D  no seu organismo.

Vitamina D é um termo usado para se referir a um grupo de moléculas que elevam o pool de 25-hidroxivitamina D (forma circulante da vitamina D) e, subsequentemente, a 1,25-di-hidroxivitamina D (que é o hormônio ativo no organismo).”

A Importância da Vitamina D

A Vitamina D é essencial para o bom funcionamento do nosso organismo, pois ela influencia aproximadamente 270 genes do corpo humano. 

Segundo um estudo realizado com mais de 13 mil pessoas e publicado na revista científica Archives of Internal Medicinea falta desta substância aumenta o risco de morte pelas mais diversas causas em até 26%

Isso ocorre, porque a Vitamina D é responsável por equilibrar diferentes sistemas. Ela regula a absorção de cálcio e de fósforo, minerais importantes para o bom funcionamento do cérebro, podendo agir diretamente na prevenção de doenças relacionadas ao Sistema Nervoso Central, como por exemplo, o autismo e a depressão.

Tendo em vista que a Vitamina D colabora na absorção de cálcio, também é imprescindível para o fortalecimento da estrutura óssea. Em níveis baixos, pode causar raquitismo na infância e osteoporose na vida adulta.

Diversos estudos recentes já apontam que a Vitamina D também é parte importante no tratamento de doenças autoimunes, como artrite reumatóide e esclerose múltipla.

Vitamina D e Doenças Cardiovasculares

O sistema cardiovascular também é diretamente beneficiado pela Vitamina D,  pois ela auxilia no fortalecimento dos músculos, incluindo o coração. 

Ela também é responsável por auxiliar no relaxamento dos vasos sanguíneos, e influência diretamente na produção do principal hormônio regulador da pressão arteriala renina, que está diretamente ligada a diabetes e, quando em falta no organismo, pode predispor para essa doença. 

Neste caso, vale ressaltar que para que os receptores de insulina funcionem de forma adequada a Vitamina D se faz necessária, auxiliando na redução do risco de resistência a insulina e, por consequência, do Diabetes tipo 2.

Vitamina D e Câncer

Outro fator que coloca este hormônio numa posição importantíssima para a prevenção de doenças: inúmeros estudos apontam que, diversos tipos de câncer podem estar relacionados a um déficit de Vitamina D no organismo. Entre eles, estão principalmente os de mama, próstata e melanoma. É que a Vitamina D participa do processo que mantém as células atuando de forma correta, diminuindo os riscos de que se transformem em células cancerígenas e, caso isso ocorra, ela pode auxiliar na autodestruição destas células.

Estratégias para melhorar a absorção de Vitamina D

A Vitamina D é encontrada em alimentos de origem animal que contenham gorduras, como atum, sardinha, salmão, fígado de boi, ovos, manteiga, iogurte, queijo e óleo de fígado de bacalhau. No entanto, estes itens não possuem a quantidade de Vitamina D ideal que o organismo necessita.

A única forma de equilibrar o nível de Vitamina D de forma natural seria expondo-se ao sol, numa região próxima à Linha do Equador, de 15 a 20 minutos por dia e com pouca roupa – quanto mais pele à mostra, mais o corpo produz a substânciae quanto mais clara a pele é, maior a produção.

Porém, atualmente, as pessoas não se expõem tanto ao sol como nos tempos passados, em que o trabalho ao ar livre era mais comum, bem como a locomoção a pé ou em veículos abertos como a bicicleta. Além disso, é importante salientar que o filtro solar reduz consideravelmente a síntese da Vitamina D no organismo.

Esses fatos portanto, são as grandes causas do défict de Vitamina D que atinge a maior parte da população ao redor do mundo inteiro (principalmente das regiões afastadas da Linha do Equador). São os raios ultravioletas do tipo B (UVB) que ativam a síntese do hormônio, mas o uso do filtro solar diminui consideravelmente sua atuação. 

Como seu uso é recomendado para a proteção e prevenção de câncer de pele, a suplementação de Vitamina D torna-se essencial para quem deseja ter um organismo funcionando de forma saudável.

VITAMINA D E SOL

A síntese da vitamina D pode ocorrer após o contato com o sol, onde os estoques corporais de 7-desidrocolesterol (um derivado do colesterol) se convertem em colecalciferol (vitamina D3).[15]

Em alguns cenários, a taxa de síntese de Vitamina D é reduzida; como por exemplo:

  • Latitudes mais distantes do equador tendem a reduzir as taxas de síntese devido à menor exposição à radiação solar. Vários estudos observam que o norte dos EUA (em relação ao sul dos EUA) possuem menos radiação UVB.[16]. Isso parece estar relacionado a um aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de câncer.[17]

  • Padrões climáticos ou estações do ano que reduzem a exposição solar, com nuvens ou maior escuridão. [18] [19]

  • Áreas com maior degradação do ozônio (avaliadas por unidades Dobson) parecem ter maior radiação UVB.[21]

  • A pele mais escura tem uma taxa de síntese mais lenta do que a pele mais clara e os negros correm um risco maior de apresentarem deficiência de Vitamina D quando comparados a tons de pele mais claros (asiáticos, caucasianos, hispânicos) quando os outros fatores são controlados.[22][23]

Uma alimentação rica em Vitamina D não é suficiente para o organismo. É necessário realizar outras ações, como tomar sol diariamente e/ou suplementar.”

Suplementação de Vitamina D

Todavia, antes de suplementar, é fundamental avaliar sua real necessidade através de exames laboratoriais.

A 25-HidroxiVitamina D3, é o exame mais comum a ser realizado, porém, o exame mais adequado para avaliar os níveis de Vitamina D no organismo, é o “1,25-di-hidroxivitamina D” que é a forma ativa desse hormônio

O ideal para a maior parte da população, é que os níveis estejam entre 40 e 60 ng/mL, pois  os estudos científicos realizados, indicam menores índices de doenças em pessoas que possuem níveis dentro dessa faixa. 

Em casos de doenças autoimunes e de câncer, existem estudos que indicam que o ideal é manter os níveis sanguíneos entre 60 a 80 ng/mL. 

Porém, vale lembrar que para que a Vitamina D de fato contribua na prevenção dessas patologias e no fortalecimento da imunidade, os níveis precisam estar elevados antes dos sintomas aparecerem, pois do contrário, os estudos apontam que não há um benefício significativo.

genética também influencia, já que existem polimorfismos que podem diminuir a síntese e/ou a absorção da Vitamina D, fazendo-se necessária, em alguns casos, a suplementação contínua e em doses mais elevadas. 

Nesses casos, ao acompanhar com exames de rotina e suplementação contínua, cada um poderá encontrar (com ajuda de um profissional da área da saúde que trabalhe com suplementação) a sua “dose de manutenção”.

Como cada pessoa é única, o mais indicado sempre é a realização de exames para encontrar a “dose de manutenção” adequada. Ainda mais porque um tratamento feito por conta própria pode também levar ao excesso de Vitamina D, que também é tóxico para o organismo, prejudicando consideravelmente órgãos como rins e levando à descalcificação óssea. 

Lembre-se que, essa individualidade deverá ser considerada em todos os casos e tratamentos.Na dúvida, procure sempre um profissional capacitado para que ele possa te orientar da melhor forma.

Caso você queira avaliar os seus níveis de Vitamina D e verificar a necessidade de realizar uma suplementação, CLIQUE AQUI e entre em contato com a minha equipe solicitando informações sobre o meu atendimento.

CONCLUSÃO

A Vitamina D é um nutriente solúvel em gordura e é um dos 24 micronutrientes essenciais para a sobrevivência humana.

O sol é a principal fonte natural dessa vitamina, mas ela também é encontrada naturalmente em peixes e ovos e também é adicionada a produtos lácteos.

A suplementação de vitamina D está associada a uma ampla gama de benefícios, incluindo aumento da capacidade de cognição , fortalecimento da imunidade, saúde óssea, melhora da disposição e da sensação de bem-estar.

A suplementação de Vitamina D também está associada a uma redução dos riscos do desenvolvimento de câncer, problemas cardíacos, diabetes e esclerose múltipla.

Pessoas com deficiência de vitamina D também podem apresentar aumento dos níveis de testosterona após a suplementação.

O corpo produz vitamina D a partir do colesterol, desde que haja uma quantidade adequada de luz ultravioleta da exposição ao sol. 

Só existe uma quantidade suficiente de luz ultravioleta proveniente do sol quando o índice ultravioleta é 3 ou superior, o que só ocorre durante todo o ano perto do equador, entre os 37º paralelos.

A maioria das pessoas não é deficiente em vitamina D, mas também não possui níveis ideais de concentração circulante de vitamina D no organismo.

Devido aos inúmeros benefícios relacionados a saúde que a vitamina D pode proporcionar, a suplementação é incentivada em indivíduos que estejam com a concentração de vitamina D abaixo dos níveis ideais (>40ng/dl).

Vale lembrar que, é imprescindível que você faça um exame de sangue para avaliar seus níveis atuais de Vitamina D antes de iniciar a suplementação, e que é muito importante que você conte com a orientação e o acompanhamento de um profissional capacitado, como um nutricionista ou um médico durante a suplementação.

Espero que essas dicas te ajudem. 

Se você gostou dessas informações, compartilha o link desse post com seus amigos e familiares para que eles também possam ter acesso a esse conteúdo super importante, e o melhor, gratuito.

Grande abraço.

Bruno Motta

REFERÊNCIAS

  1. Sato Y, et al. Amelioration of osteopenia and hypovitaminosis D by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in elderly patients with Parkinson’s diseaseJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (1999)
  2. Khajehei M, et al. Effect of treatment with dydrogesterone or calcium plus vitamin D on the severity of premenstrual syndromeInt J Gynaecol Obstet. (2009)
  3. Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA. The vitamin D questions: how much do you need and how should you get itJ Am Acad Dermatol. (2006)
  4. Zhang R, Naughton DP. Vitamin D in health and disease: current perspectivesNutr J. (2010)
  5. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Canada and the United States: importance to health status and efficacy of current food fortification and dietary supplement useNutr Rev. (2003)
  6. Bowman SA. Beverage choices of young females: changes and impact on nutrient intakesJ Am Diet Assoc. (2002)
  7. Bartolucci G, et al. Vitamin D3 quantification in a cod liver oil-based supplementJ Pharm Biomed Anal. (2011)
  8. Monard AM, et al. Determination of the total vitamin D3 content of cod-liver oil by high-performance liquid chromatographyPharm Acta Helv. (1986)
  9. Porojnicu AC, et al. Sun beds and cod liver oil as vitamin D sourcesJ Photochem Photobiol B. (2008)
  10. DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.
  11. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and ricketsJ Clin Invest. (2006)
  12. Whiting SJ, Green TJ, Calvo MS. Vitamin D intakes in North America and Asia-Pacific countries are not sufficient to prevent vitamin D insufficiencyJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2007)
  13. Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a reviewAltern Med Rev. (2005)
  14. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin DJ Nutr. (2005)
  15. a b c Prosser DE, Jones G. Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin DTrends Biochem Sci. (2004)
  16. Frederick JE, Lubin D. The budget of biologically active ultraviolet radiation in the Earth-atmosphere systemJ Geophys Res-Atmos. (1988)
  17.  Ainsleigh HG. Beneficial effects of sun exposure on cancer mortalityPrev Med. (1993)
  18. Engelsen O, et al. Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thicknessPhotochem Photobiol. (2005)
  19. O’Connor PA. Clouds, skin color, and ricketsPediatrics. (1980)
  20. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skinJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1988)
  21. Lubin D, Jensen EH, Gies HP. Global surface ultraviolet radiation climatology from TOMS and ERBE dataJ Geophys Res-Atmos. (1998)
  22. Coney P, et al. Determination of vitamin D in relation to body mass index and race in a defined population of black and white womenInt J Gynaecol Obstet. (2012)
  23. Fiscella K, Franks P. Vitamin D, race, and cardiovascular mortality: findings from a national US sampleAnn Fam Med. (2010)
  24. Manson JE, et al. The case for a comprehensive national campaign to prevent melanoma and associated mortalityEpidemiology. (2000)
  25. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED. Could sunscreens increase melanoma riskAm J Public Health. (1992)
  26. Diffey BL. Sunscreens as a preventative measure in melanoma: an evidence-based approach or the precautionary principleBr J Dermatol. (2009)
  27. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3J Am Acad Dermatol. (1990)
  28. Matsuoka LY, et al. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesisJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1987)
  29. Matsuoka LY, et al. Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary studyArch Dermatol. (1988)
  30. Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications.
  31. Holick MF, et al. Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequencesScience. (1980)
  32. Vieth R. Why “Vitamin D” is not a hormone, and not a synonym for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, its analogs or deltanoidsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2004)
  33. Holick MF. The use and interpretation of assays for vitamin D and its metabolitesJ Nutr. (1990)
  34. Binkley N, et al. Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adultsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2011)
  35. Houghton LA, Vieth R. The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplementAm J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  36. Holick MF, et al. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin DJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2008)
  37. Biancuzzo RM, et al. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adultsAm J Clin Nutr. (2010)
  38. Glendenning P, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients after supplementation with ergocalciferol and cholecalciferolBone. (2009)
  39. Tjellesen L, et al. Serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites during treatment with vitamin D2 and D3 in normal premenopausal womenBone Miner. (1986)
  40. Trang HM, et al. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2Am J Clin Nutr. (1998)
  41. Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humansJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2004)
  42. Romagnoli E, et al. Short and long-term variations in serum calciotropic hormones after a single very large dose of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the elderlyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2008)
  43. Tripkovic L, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysisAm J Clin Nutr. (2012)
  44. DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin DAm J Clin Nutr. (2004)
  45. Huber W, Barlow OW. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF CRYSTALLINE VITAMINS D2 AND D3 AND THEIR DERIVATIVESJ Biol Chem. (1943)
  46. Grady LT, Thakker KD. Stability of solid drugs: degradation of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) at high humidities and elevated temperaturesJ Pharm Sci. (1980)
  47. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D..
  48. Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
  49. Visser M, et al. Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admissionAm J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  50. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomesAm J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  51. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004Arch Intern Med. (2009)
  52. Brock K, et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with physical inactivity, obesity and low vitamin D intake in a large US sample of healthy middle-aged men and womenJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2010)
  53. Tangpricha V, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adultsAm J Med. (2002)
  54. Hyppönen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictorsAm J Clin Nutr. (2007)
  55. Kull M Jr, et al. Seasonal variance of 25-(OH) vitamin D in the general population of Estonia, a Northern European countryBMC Public Health. (2009)
  56. Hovsepian S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, IranJ Health Popul Nutr. (2011)
  57. Levis S, et al. Vitamin d deficiency and seasonal variation in an adult South Florida populationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2005)
  58. van der Mei IA, et al. The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency across Australian populations is only partly explained by season and latitudeEnviron Health Perspect. (2007)
  59. Thomas MK, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatientsN Engl J Med. (1998)
  60. Melamed ML, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general populationArch Intern Med. (2008)
  61. Vieth R, et al. The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effectiveAm J Clin Nutr. (2007)
  62. Heaney RP, et al. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferolAm J Clin Nutr. (2003)
  63. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safetyAm J Clin Nutr. (1999)
  64. Autier P, Gandini S, Mullie P. A systematic review: influence of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012)
  65. Mastaglia SR, et al. Vitamin D2 dose required to rapidly increase 25OHD levels in osteoporotic womenEur J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  66. Corless D, et al. Do vitamin D supplements improve the physical capabilities of elderly hospital patientsAge Ageing. (1985)
  67. Cranney A, et al. Summary of evidence-based review on vitamin D efficacy and safety in relation to bone healthAm J Clin Nutr. (2008)
  68. Grant WB, Schuitemaker GE. Health benefits of higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in The NetherlandsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2010)
  69. Barger-Lux MJ, et al. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy menOsteoporos Int. (1998)
  70. Gertner JM, Domenech M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients treated with high-dosage ergo- and cholecalciferolJ Clin Pathol. (1977)
  71. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Plasma vitamin D and 25OHD responses of young and old men to supplementation with vitamin D3J Am Coll Nutr. (2002)
  72. Pepper KJ, et al. Evaluation of vitamin D repletion regimens to correct vitamin D status in adultsEndocr Pract. (2009)
  73. Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementationJ Bone Miner Res. (2013)
  74. Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorptionJ Acad Nutr Diet. (2015)
  75. Glade MJ. A 21st century evaluation of the safety of oral vitamin DNutrition. (2012)
  76. Papaioannou A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D dosing strategies after acute hip fracture: no advantage of loading doses over daily supplementationBMC Musculoskelet Disord. (2011)
  77. Ford ES, et al. Vitamin D and all-cause mortality among adults in USA: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality StudyInt J Epidemiol. (2011)
  78. Kritchevsky SB1, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in black and white older adults: the health ABC studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012)
  79. Smit E, et al. The effect of vitamin D and frailty on mortality among non-institutionalized US older adultsEur J Clin Nutr. (2012)
  80. Bjelakovic G1, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev. (2014)
  81. Grant WB, Garland CF, Gorham ED. An estimate of cancer mortality rate reductions in Europe and the US with 1,000 IU of oral vitamin D per dayRecent Results Cancer Res. (2007)
  82. Noordam R, et al. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in familial longevity: the Leiden Longevity StudyCMAJ. (2012)
  83. Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applicationsChem Biol. (2014)
  84. Capiati D, Benassati S, Boland RL. 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 induces translocation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle cellsJ Cell Biochem. (2002)
  85. Blomberg Jensen M, Dissing S. Non-genomic effects of vitamin D in human spermatozoaSteroids. (2012)
  86. Nemere I1, et al. Ribozyme knockdown functionally links a 1,25(OH)2D3 membrane binding protein (1,25D3-MARRS) and phosphate uptake in intestinal cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2004)
  87. Sequeira VB1, et al. The role of the vitamin D receptor and ERp57 in photoprotection by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3Mol Endocrinol. (2012)
  88. Simpson ER1, et al. Aromatase–a brief overviewAnnu Rev Physiol. (2002)
  89. Yanase T1, et al. Aromatase in bone: roles of Vitamin D3 and androgensJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2003)
  90. Krishnan AV, et al. Tissue-selective regulation of aromatase expression by calcitriol: implications for breast cancer therapyEndocrinology. (2010)
  91. Lou YR1, Murtola T, Tuohimaa P. Regulation of aromatase and 5alpha-reductase by 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), dexamethasone and progesterone in prostate cancer cellsJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2005)
  92. Barrera D, et al. Estradiol and progesterone synthesis in human placenta is stimulated by calcitriolJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2007)
  93. Kinuta K, et al. Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonadsEndocrinology. (2000)
  94. Lundqvist J, Hansen SK, Lykkesfeldt AE. Vitamin D analog EB1089 inhibits aromatase expression by dissociation of comodulator WSTF from the CYP19A1 promoter-a new regulatory pathway for aromataseBiochim Biophys Acta. (2012)
  95. Christensen GL, et al. Sequential versus combined treatment of human breast cancer cells with antiestrogens and the vitamin D analogue EB1089 and evaluation of predictive markers for vitamin D treatmentBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2004)
  96. Larsen SS, Heiberg I, Lykkesfeldt AE. Anti-oestrogen resistant human breast cancer cell lines are more sensitive towards treatment with the vitamin D analogue EB1089 than parent MCF-7 cellsBr J Cancer. (2001)
  97.  Waltman NL, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and musculoskeletal symptoms in breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitor therapyCancer Nurs. (2009)
  98. Cella D, Fallowfield LJ. Recognition and management of treatment-related side effects for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapyBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2008)
  99.  Singh S, et al. Effect of baseline serum vitamin D levels on aromatase inhibitors induced musculoskeletal symptoms: results from the IBIS-II, chemoprevention study using anastrozoleBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2012)
  100. Prieto-Alhambra D, et al. Vitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia: a prospective cohort studyBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2011)
  101. Rastelli AL, et al. Vitamin D and aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS): a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trialBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2011)
  102. Zehnder D, et al. Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylaseJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2001)
  103. Eyles DW, et al. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brainJ Chem Neuroanat. (2005)
  104. Rothman SM, Olney JW. Excitotoxity and the NMDA receptorTrends Neurosci. (1987)
  105. Choi DW. Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damageTrends Neurosci. (1988)
  106.  Choi DW. Excitotoxic cell deathJ Neurobiol. (1992)
  107. Nicotera P, Orrenius S. The role of calcium in apoptosisCell Calcium. (1998)
  108. Brewer LD, et al. Vitamin D hormone confers neuroprotection in parallel with downregulation of L-type calcium channel expression in hippocampal neuronsJ Neurosci. (2001)
  109.  Meszaros JG1, et al. Down-regulation of L-type Ca2+ channel transcript levels by 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3. Osteoblastic cells express L-type alpha1C Ca2+ channel isoformsJ Biol Chem. (1996)
  110.  Caffrey JM1, Farach-Carson MC. Vitamin D3 metabolites modulate dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium currents in clonal rat osteosarcoma cellsJ Biol Chem. (1989)
  111. ^ Weiss JH1, et al. The calcium channel blocker nifedipine attenuates slow excitatory amino acid neurotoxicityScience. (1990)
  112.  Uematsu D1, et al. Combined therapy with MK-801 and nimodipine for protection of ischemic brain damageNeurology. (1991)
  113.  Landfield PW, Cadwallader-Neal L. Long-term treatment with calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vit D3) retards a biomarker of hippocampal aging in ratsNeurobiol Aging. (1998)
  114. Dean AJ, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive and emotional functioning in young adults–a randomised controlled trialPLoS One. (2011)
  115. ^  Pettersen JA. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adultsExp Gerontol. (2017)
  116.  Bech P, Hey H. Depression or asthenia related to metabolic disturbances in obese patients after intestinal bypass surgeryActa Psychiatr Scand. (1979)
  117. May HT, et al. Association of vitamin D levels with incident depression among a general cardiovascular populationAm Heart J. (2010)
  118.  Armstrong DJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgiaClin Rheumatol. (2007)
  119. Shipowick CD, et al. Vitamin D and depressive symptoms in women during the winter: a pilot studyAppl Nurs Res. (2009)
  120.  Högberg G, et al. Depressed adolescents in a case-series were low in vitamin D and depression was ameliorated by vitamin D supplementationActa Paediatr. (2012)
  121. Sepehrmanesh Z, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Affects the Beck Depression Inventory, Insulin Resistance, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical TrialJ Nutr. (2016)
  122. van Loo HM, et al. Data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder: a systematic reviewBMC Med. (2012)
  123.  Yalamanchili V, Gallagher JC. Treatment with hormone therapy and calcitriol did not affect depression in older postmenopausal women: no interaction with estrogen and vitamin D receptor genotype polymorphismsMenopause. (2012)
  124. Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosisLancet Neurol. (2010)
  125. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosisLancet. (2008)
  126. Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, Norman JE Jr. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distributionNeurology. (1979)
  127. Simpson S Jr, et al. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysisJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (2011)
  128. Islam T, et al. Childhood sun exposure influences risk of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twinsNeurology. (2007)
  129. Dalmay F, et al. Multiple sclerosis and solar exposure before the age of 15 years: case-control study in Cuba, Martinique and SicilyMult Scler. (2010)
  130. Salzer J1, et al. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosisNeurology. (2012)
  131. Lemire JM, Archer DC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisJ Clin Invest. (1991)
  132. Cantorna MT, Hayes CE, DeLuca HF. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosisProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1996)
  133. Van Etten E, et al. Novel insights in the immune function of the vitamin D system: synergism with interferon-betaJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2007)
  134. Wergeland S, et al. Dietary vitamin D3 supplements reduce demyelination in the cuprizone modelPLoS One. (2011)
  135. Lu’o’ng KV, Nguyên LT. The beneficial role of vitamin D in Alzheimer’s diseaseAm J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. (2011)
  136. Annweiler C, Llewellyn DJ, Beauchet O. Low Serum Vitamin D Concentrations in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJ Alzheimers Dis. (2012)
  137. Evatt ML, et al. Prevalence of vitamin d insufficiency in patients with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer diseaseArch Neurol. (2008)
  138. Sato Y, Kikuyama M, Oizumi K. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in Parkinson’s diseaseNeurology. (1997)
  139. Gezen-Ak D, et al. Vitamin d receptor gene haplotype is associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s diseaseTohoku J Exp Med. (2012)
  140. Annweiler C, et al. Serum vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of incident non-Alzheimer dementias: a 7-year longitudinal studyDement Geriatr Cogn Disord. (2011)
  141. Mizwicki MT, et al. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and resolvin D1 retune the balance between amyloid-β phagocytosis and inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease patientsJ Alzheimers Dis. (2013)
  142. Wirdefeldt K, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidenceEur J Epidemiol. (2011)
  143. Knekt P, et al. Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson diseaseArch Neurol. (2010)
  144. Butler MW, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene as a candidate gene for Parkinson diseaseAnn Hum Genet. (2011)
  145. Kim JS, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson’s disease in KoreansJ Korean Med Sci. (2005)
  146. Evatt ML, et al. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D status in patients with early Parkinson diseaseArch Neurol. (2011)
  147. Sato Y, et al. Abnormal bone and calcium metabolism in immobilized Parkinson’s disease patientsMov Disord. (2005)
  148. Evatt ML. Beyond vitamin status: is there a role for vitamin d in Parkinson diseaseArch Neurol. (2010)
  149. Newmark HL, Newmark J. Vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease–a hypothesisMov Disord. (2007)
  150. Dean ED, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D depletion does not exacerbate MPTP-induced dopamine neuron damage in micePLoS One. (2012)
  151. Shinpo K, et al. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the combined toxicity caused by L-buthionine sulfoximine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridineJ Neurosci Res. (2000)
  152. Wang JY, et al. Vitamin D(3) attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in ratsBrain Res. (2001)
  153. Gominak SC, Stumpf WE. The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiencyMed Hypotheses. (2012)
  154. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. We are chronically sleep deprivedSleep. (1995)
  155. Van Cauter E, et al. Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep lossSleep Med. (2008)
  156. Huang W, et al. Improvement of Pain, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Chronic Pain Patients With Vitamin D SupplementationClin J Pain. (2012)
  157. Mucci M, et al. Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopauseMinerva Ginecol. (2006)
  158. Wang TJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseaseCirculation. (2008)
  159. Wang L, et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular eventsAnn Intern Med. (2010)
  160. Wood AD1, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation has no effect on conventional cardiovascular risk factors: a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012)
  161. Seibert E, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D statusEur J Nutr. (2015)
  162. Rostand SG. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differencesHypertension. (1997)
  163. Krause R, et al. Ultraviolet B and blood pressureLancet. (1998)
  164. Weng S, et al. Vitamin d deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in micePLoS One. (2013)
  165. Li YC, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin systemJ Clin Invest. (2002)
  166. Ritthaler T, et al. Effects of endothelins on renin secretion from isolated mouse renal juxtaglomerular cellsAm J Physiol. (1995)
  167. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Hypertens. (2009)
  168. Lind L, et al. Reduction of blood pressure during long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) is dependent on plasma renin activity and calcium status. A double-blind, placebo-controlled studyAm J Hypertens. (1989)
  169. Pfeifer M, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2001)
  170. Xiang W, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systemsAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2005)
  171. Kong J1, Li YC. Effect of ANG II type I receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor on vitamin D receptor-null miceAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. (2003)
  172. Dostal DE, Baker KM. Angiotensin II stimulation of left ventricular hypertrophy in adult rat heart. Mediation by the AT1 receptorAm J Hypertens. (1992)
  173. Baker KM, Booz GW, Dostal DE. Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: Role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin systemAnnu Rev Physiol. (1992)
  174. Al Mheid I, et al. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humansJ Am Coll Cardiol. (2011)
  175.  Yiu YF, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with depletion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetesJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2011)
  176. Reis JP, et al. Differences in vitamin D status as a possible contributor to the racial disparity in peripheral arterial diseaseAm J Clin Nutr. (2008)
  177. ^ Zittermann A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markersAm J Clin Nutr. (2009)
  178. Tabas I. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the progression of atherosclerosisCirc Res. (2010)
  179. Feng B, et al. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophagesNat Cell Biol. (2003)
  180. Devries-Seimon T, et al. Cholesterol-induced macrophage apoptosis requires ER stress pathways and engagement of the type A scavenger receptorJ Cell Biol. (2005)
  181. Szeto FL, et al. Vitamin D receptor signaling inhibits atherosclerosis in miceMol Endocrinol. (2012)
  182. Oh J, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress controls M2 macrophage differentiation and foam cell formationJ Biol Chem. (2012)
  183. Martinez FO, et al. Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expressionJ Immunol. (2006)
  184. Bouhlel MA, et al. PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory propertiesCell Metab. (2007)
  185. Feig JE, et al. LXR promotes the maximal egress of monocyte-derived cells from mouse aortic plaques during atherosclerosis regressionJ Clin Invest. (2010)
  186. Mills CD, et al. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigmJ Immunol. (2000)
  187. Liu E, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin d is associated with markers of the insulin resistant phenotype in nondiabetic adultsJ Nutr. (2009)
  188. Ford ES, et al. Associations between concentrations of vitamin D and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and HbA1c among adolescents in the United StatesDiabetes Care. (2011)
  189. Kelly A, et al. A cross-sectional study of vitamin D and insulin resistance in childrenArch Dis Child. (2011)
  190. Chiu KC, et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunctionAm J Clin Nutr. (2004)
  191. Nazarian S, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired fasting glucoseTransl Res. (2011)
  192. Choi HS, et al. Low serum vitamin D is associated with high risk of diabetes in Korean adultsJ Nutr. (2011)
  193. Knekt P, et al. Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetesEpidemiology. (2008)
  194. Devaraj S, et al. Low vitamin D levels correlate with the proinflammatory state in type 1 diabetic subjects with and without microvascular complicationsAm J Clin Pathol. (2011)
  195. Mitri J, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr. (2011)
  196. Foss YJ. Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesityMed Hypotheses. (2009)
  197. Ruff CB. Climatic adaptation and hominid evolution: The thermoregulatory imperativeEvol Anthropol. (1993)
  198. Hunt G1, Roy K. Climate change, body size evolution, and Cope’s Rule in deep-sea ostracodesProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006)
  199. Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Comment on “Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity”Med Hypotheses. (2009)
  200. Zamboni G, et al. Mineral metabolism in obese childrenActa Paediatr Scand. (1988)
  201.  Yanoff LB, et al. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese Black AmericansClin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2006)
  202.  Sutherland ER, et al. Vitamin D levels, lung function, and steroid response in adult asthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med. (2010)
  203. Josefson JL, et al. Maternal obesity and vitamin D sufficiency are associated with cord blood vitamin D insufficiencyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2013)
  204. Bell NH, et al. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjectsJ Clin Invest. (1985)
  205. Vimaleswaran KS1, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohortsPLoS Med. (2013)
  206. Choi H, Myung K. Vitamin D3 regulation of body fat, cytokines, and calpain gene expressionJ Sci Food Agr. (2012)
  207. Carrillo AE, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adultsClin Nutr. (2012)
  208. Salehpour A1, et al. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D₃ supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese womenNutr J. (2012)
  209. Norman AW. Receptors for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3: past, present, and futureJ Bone Miner Res. (1998)
  210. Nemere I, et al. Identification of a membrane receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which mediates rapid activation of protein kinase CJ Bone Miner Res. (1998)
  211. Morelli S, Boland R, de Boland AR. 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 stimulation of phospholipases C and D in muscle cells involves extracellular calcium and a pertussis-sensitive G proteinMol Cell Endocrinol. (1996)
  212. de Boland AR, Morelli S, Boland R. 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signal transduction in chick myoblasts involves phosphatidylcholine hydrolysisJ Biol Chem. (1994)
  213. de Boland AR, Boland RL. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 induces arachidonate mobilization in embryonic chick myoblastsBiochim Biophys Acta. (1993)
  214. Li YC, et al. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopeciaProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1997)
  215. Wang Y, Becklund BR, DeLuca HF. Identification of a highly specific and versatile vitamin D receptor antibodyArch Biochem Biophys. (2010)
  216. Is the Vitamin D Receptor Found in Muscle?.
  217. Stumpf WE, et al. Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroidScience. (1979)
  218. Pike JW, Goozé LL, Haussler MR. Biochemical evidence for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor macromolecules in parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary, and placental tissuesLife Sci. (1980)
  219. Narbaitz R, et al. Autoradiographic demonstration of target cells for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane, duodenum, and parathyroid glandsGen Comp Endocrinol. (1980)
  220. Minasyan A, et al. Vestibular dysfunction in vitamin D receptor mutant miceJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2009)
  221. Kalueff AV, et al. Impaired motor performance in mice lacking neurosteroid vitamin D receptorsBrain Res Bull. (2004)
  222. Endo I, et al. Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factorsEndocrinology. (2003)
  223. Owens DJ, et al. A systems-based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophyAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2015)
  224. Gilsanz V, et al. Vitamin D status and its relation to muscle mass and muscle fat in young womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2010)
  225. Goswami R, et al. Skeletal muscle strength in young Asian Indian females after vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2012)
  226. Cannell JJ, et al. Athletic performance and vitamin DMed Sci Sports Exerc. (2009)
  227. Galan F, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in early autumn to ensure vitamin D sufficiency in mid-winter in professional football playersClin Nutr. (2012)
  228. Shindle MK, et al. Vitamin D Status in a Professional American Football Team: 2008: Board #203 June 2 9:00 AM – 10:30 AMMed Sci Sports Exerc. (2011)
  229. Halliday TM, et al. Vitamin D status relative to diet, lifestyle, injury, and illness in college athletesMed Sci Sports Exerc. (2011)
  230. Burgi AA, et al. High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with a low incidence of stress fracturesJ Bone Miner Res. (2011)
  231. Atkins GJ, et al. Metabolism of vitamin D3 in human osteoblasts: evidence for autocrine and paracrine activities of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3Bone. (2007)
  232.  van Leeuwen JP, et al. Vitamin D control of osteoblast function and bone extracellular matrix mineralizationCrit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. (2001)
  233. van Driel M, Pols HA, van Leeuwen JP. Osteoblast differentiation and control by vitamin D and vitamin D metabolitesCurr Pharm Des. (2004)
  234. Atkins GJ, et al. RANKL expression is related to the differentiation state of human osteoblastsJ Bone Miner Res. (2003)
  235. Matsumoto T, et al. Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of in vitro mineralization induced by osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cellsBone. (1991)
  236. Ruohola JP, et al. Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young menJ Bone Miner Res. (2006)
  237. Tenforde AS, et al. Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: a review of the literaturePM R. (2010)
  238. Lappe J, et al. Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruitsJ Bone Miner Res. (2008)
  239. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysisJAMA. (2004)
  240. Monaghan H. Review: prophylactic use of vitamin D reduces falls in older peopleEvid Based Nurs. (2004)
  241. Gillespie LD, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the communityCochrane Database Syst Rev. (2012)
  242. Glover TL1, et al. Vitamin D, race, and experimental pain sensitivity in older adults with knee osteoarthritisArthritis Rheum. (2012)
  243. McAlindon T, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on progression of knee pain and cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trialJAMA. (2013)
  244. Riek AE1, et al. Vitamin D suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes an antiatherogenic monocyte/macrophage phenotype in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Biol Chem. (2012)
  245. Kim G, Bae JH. Vitamin D and atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysisNutrition. (2016)
  246. Barton M, Sidbury R. Advances in understanding and managing atopic dermatitisF1000Res. (2015)
  247. Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Recent insights into atopic dermatitis and implications for management of infectious complicationsJ Allergy Clin Immunol. (2010)
  248. ^ Williams H, et al. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in ChildhoodJ Allergy Clin Immunol. (1999)
  249. Amestejani M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a clinical trial studyJ Drugs Dermatol. (2012)
  250. ^ Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiencyN Engl J Med. (2007)
  251. Wehr E, et al. Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in menClin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2010)
  252. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Additive benefit of higher testosterone levels and vitamin D plus calcium supplementation in regard to fall risk reduction among older men and womenOsteoporos Int. (2008)
  253. Pilz S, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in menHorm Metab Res. (2011)
  254. Garland CF, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysisJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2007)
  255. Garland CF, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer preventionAm J Public Health. (2006)
  256. Garland FC, et al. Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiationPrev Med. (1990)
  257. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC. Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian citiesCan J Public Health. (1989)
  258. Peppone LJ, et al. The effect of various vitamin D supplementation regimens in breast cancer patientsBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2011)
  259. Nesby-O’Dell S, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994Am J Clin Nutr. (2002)
  260. Chlebowski RT, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancerJ Natl Cancer Inst. (2008)
  261. Crew KD, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency despite supplementation in premenopausal women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapyJ Clin Oncol. (2009)
  262. Gorham ED, et al. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysisAm J Prev Med. (2007)
  263. Skinner HG, et al. Vitamin D intake and the risk for pancreatic cancer in two cohort studiesCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (2006)
  264. Garland CF, et al. Role of ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D in prevention of ovarian cancerAm J Prev Med. (2006)
  265. Vashi PG, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index in cancerNutr J. (2011)
  266. Choi CJ, et al. Relationship Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Lung Function Among Korean Adults in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2010J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2013)
  267. Searing DA, et al. Decreased serum vitamin D levels in children with asthma are associated with increased corticosteroid useJ Allergy Clin Immunol. (2010)
  268. Urashima M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildrenAm J Clin Nutr. (2010)
  269. Lange NE1, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, smoking, and lung function in the Normative Aging StudyAm J Respir Crit Care Med. (2012)
  270. Camargo CA Jr1, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in MongoliaPediatrics. (2012)
  271. Aloia JF, Li-Ng M. Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin DEpidemiol Infect. (2007)
  272. Murdoch DR1, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trialJAMA. (2012)
  273. Nnoaham KE, Clarke A. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Epidemiol. (2008)
  274. Bozkurt NC, et al. The relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels with severity of obstructive sleep apnea and glucose metabolism abnormalitiesEndocrine. (2012)
  275. Stumpf WE. Vitamin D sites and mechanisms of action: a histochemical perspective. Reflections on the utility of autoradiography and cytopharmacology for drug targetingHistochem Cell Biol. (1995)
  276. Blomberg Jensen M, et al. Vitamin D receptor and vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are expressed in the human male reproductive tractHum Reprod. (2010)
  277. Yoshida M, Kawano N, Yoshida K. Control of sperm motility and fertility: diverse factors and common mechanismsCell Mol Life Sci. (2008)
  278. Nangia AK, et al. Testicular maturation arrest to testis cancer: spectrum of expression of the vitamin D receptor and vitamin D treatment in vitroJ Urol. (2007)
  279. Bouillon R, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null miceEndocr Rev. (2008)
  280. Kwiecinski GG, Petrie GI, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D is necessary for reproductive functions of the male ratJ Nutr. (1989)
  281. Blomberg Jensen M, et al. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoaHum Reprod. (2011)
  282. Hammoud AO, et al. Association of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels with semen and hormonal parametersAsian J Androl. (2012)
  283. Yang B, et al. Associations between testosterone, bone mineral density, vitamin D and semen quality in fertile and infertile Chinese menInt J Androl. (2012)
  284. Blomberg Jensen M. Vitamin D metabolism, sex hormones, and male reproductive functionReproduction. (2012)
  285. van der Meer IM, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, NetherlandsAm J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  286. Haliloglu B, et al. Bone turnover and maternal 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period: should routine vitamin D supplementation be increased in pregnant womenEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2011)
  287. Johnson DD, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common during pregnancyAm J Perinatol. (2011)
  288. Hamilton SA, et al. Profound Vitamin D Deficiency in a Diverse Group of Women during Pregnancy Living in a Sun-Rich Environment at Latitude 32°NInt J Endocrinol. (2010)
  289. Gernand AD, et al. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and measures of newborn and placental weight in a U.S. multicenter cohort studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2013)
  290. Sørensen IM, et al. Maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspringDiabetes. (2012)
  291. Erkkola M, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old childrenClin Exp Allergy. (2009)
  292. Merewood A, et al. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean sectionJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2009)
  293. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancyJ Nutr. (2009)
  294. Yu CK, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancyClin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2009)
  295. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactationAm J Clin Nutr. (2004)
  296. Terrier B, et al. Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell balance and B cell homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through vitamin D supplementationArthritis Res Ther. (2012)
  297. Warner AE, Arnspiger SA. Diffuse musculoskeletal pain is not associated with low vitamin D levels or improved by treatment with vitamin DJ Clin Rheumatol. (2008)
  298. Schreuder F, Bernsen RM, van der Wouden JC. Vitamin d supplementation for nonspecific musculoskeletal pain in non-Western immigrants: a randomized controlled trialAnn Fam Med. (2012)
  299. Arvold DS, et al. Correlation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: a randomized controlled trialEndocr Pract. (2009)
  300. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with ageJ Bone Miner Res. (2004)
  301. Bischoff HA, et al. Muscle strength in the elderly: its relation to vitamin D metabolitesArch Phys Med Rehabil. (1999)
  302. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P; Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study AmsterdamJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2003)
  303. Sato Y, et al. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trialCerebrovasc Dis. (2005)
  304. Verhaar HJ, et al. Muscle strength, functional mobility and vitamin D in older womenAging (Milano). (2000)
  305. Kidd PM. Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: clinical importance to the skeletal and cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergyAltern Med Rev. (2010)
  306. Heaney RP, et al. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin DJ Am Coll Nutr. (2003)
  307. Bjelakovic G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev. (2011)
  308. Abnet CC, et al. Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration and risk of esophageal squamous dysplasiaCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (2007)
  309. Dobnig H, et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortalityArch Intern Med. (2008)
  310. Pfeifer M, et al. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individualsOsteoporos Int. (2009)
  311. Barker T, et al. Different doses of supplemental vitamin D maintain interleukin-5 without altering skeletal muscle strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in vitamin D sufficient adultsNutr Metab (Lond). (2012)
  312. Ganmaa D, et al. Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trialAm J Clin Nutr. (2012)
  313. Khan QJ, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, joint pain, and fatigue in women starting adjuvant letrozole treatment for breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat. (2010)
  314. Borissova AM, et al. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patientsInt J Clin Pract. (2003)
  315. Jørgensen SP, et al. Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn’s disease – a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyAliment Pharmacol Ther. (2010)
  316. Broe KE, et al. A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose studyJ Am Geriatr Soc. (2007)
  317. Parker J, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysisMaturitas. (2010)
  318. Munger KL, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosisNeurology. (2004)
  319. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsArch Intern Med. (2009)
  320. Abrams SA, Hawthorne KM, Chen Z. Supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D/d leads to parathyroid hormone suppression, but not increased fractional calcium absorption, in 4-8-y-old children: a double-blind randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr. (2013)
  321. Gepner AD, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease riskPLoS One. (2012)
  322. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J. Risedronate and ergocalciferol prevent hip fracture in elderly men with Parkinson diseaseNeurology. (2007)
  323. Bogh MK, et al. Narrowband ultraviolet B three times per week is more effective in treating vitamin D deficiency than 1600 IU oral vitamin D₃ per day: a randomized clinical trialBr J Dermatol. (2012)
  324. Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJ. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African AmericansDiabetes Obes Metab. (2012)
  325. McAlindon TE, et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham StudyAnn Intern Med. (1996)
  326. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, et al. Relationship between 25-OH-D serum level and relapse rate in multiple sclerosis patients before and after vitamin D supplementationTher Adv Neurol Disord. (2012)
  327. Mohr SB, et al. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwideDiabetologia. (2008)
  328. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyAm J Hypertens. (2007)
  329. Kositsawat J, et al. Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyDiabetes Care. (2010)
  330. Lappe JM, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trialAm J Clin Nutr. (2007)
  331. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBMJ. (2009)
  332. Pfeifer M, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly womenJ Bone Miner Res. (2000)
  333. Jorde R, et al. Vitamin D supplementation did not prevent influenza-like illness as diagnosed retrospectively by questionnaires in subjects participating in randomized clinical trialsScand J Infect Dis. (2012)
  334. Crew KD, et al. Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer riskCancer Prev Res (Phila). (2009)
  335. Heidari H, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related inflammation and antioxidant markers in students with vitamin D deficient: a randomized clinical trialSci Rep. (2019)
  336. Abdollahi R, et al. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplement Consumption on Premenstrual Syndrome in Vitamin D-Deficient Young Girls: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical TrialComplement Med Res. (2019)
  337. Bahrami A, et al. High dose vitamin D supplementation can improve menstrual problems, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome in adolescentsGynecol Endocrinol. (2018)
  338. Dadkhah H, Ebrahimi E, Fathizadeh N. Evaluating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin E supplement on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trialIran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2016)
  339. Tartagni M, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Severe Hypovitaminosis DJ Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. (2016)
  340. Majid MS, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders compared with control groupNutr Neurosci. (2018)
  341. Rees JR, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in a randomized, controlled trialClin Infect Dis. (2013)
  342. Martineau AR, et al. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu)Thorax. (2015)
  343. Li-Ng M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infectionsEpidemiol Infect. (2009)
  344. Laaksi I, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish menJ Infect Dis. (2010)
  345. Bergman P, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention studyBMJ Open. (2012)
  346. Goodall EC, et al. Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trialBMC Infect Dis. (2014)
  347. Dubnov-Raz G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trialPediatr Exerc Sci. (2015)
  348. Denlinger LC, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Colds in Patients with AsthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med. (2016)
  349. Ginde AA, et al. High-Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical TrialJ Am Geriatr Soc. (2017)
  350. Avenell A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438)Age Ageing. (2007)
  351. Choudhary N, Gupta P. Vitamin D supplementation for severe pneumonia–a randomized controlled trialIndian Pediatr. (2012)
  352. Camargo CA, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on acute respiratory infections in older adults: A randomized controlled trialClin Infect Dis. (2019)
  353. Loeb M, et al. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trialInfluenza Other Respir Viruses. (2019)
  354. Jung HC, et al. Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled TrialInt J Environ Res Public Health. (2018)
  355. Urashima M, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplements on influenza A illness during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: a randomized controlled trialFood Funct. (2014)
  356. Shimizu Y, et al. Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces Duration and Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison StudyJ Nutr Health Aging. (2018)
  357. Zhou J, et al. Preventive Effects of Vitamin D on Seasonal Influenza A in Infants: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open, Controlled Clinical TrialPediatr Infect Dis J. (2018)
  358. Hauger H, et al. Winter cholecalciferol supplementation at 55°N has little effect on markers of innate immune defense in healthy children aged 4-8 years: a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trialEur J Nutr. (2019)
  359. Aglipay M, et al. Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Wintertime Vitamin D Supplementation on Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Healthy ChildrenJAMA. (2017)
  360. Somnath SH, et al. Therapeutic effect of vitamin D in acute lower respiratory infection: A randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN. (2017)
  361. Vos R, et al. High-dose vitamin D after lung transplantation: A randomized trialJ Heart Lung Transplant. (2017)
  362. Martineau AR, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysisHealth Technol Assess. (2019)
  363. Martineau AR, et al. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of bolus-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma (ViDiAs)Thorax. (2015)
  364. Manaseki-Holland S, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trialTrop Med Int Health. (2010)
  365. Marchisio P, et al. Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of acute otitis media in otitis-prone childrenPediatr Infect Dis J. (2013)
  366. Grant CC, et al. Reduced primary care respiratory infection visits following pregnancy and infancy vitamin D supplementation: a randomised controlled trialActa Paediatr. (2015)
  367. Travison TG, et al. The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2006)
  368. Chrysohoou C, et al. Low total testosterone levels are associated with the metabolic syndrome in elderly men: the role of body weight, lipids, insulin resistance, and inflammation; the Ikaria studyRev Diabet Stud. (2013)
  369. Westley CJ, Amdur RL, Irwig MS. High Rates of Depression and Depressive Symptoms among Men Referred for Borderline Testosterone LevelsJ Sex Med. (2015)
  370. Giltay EJ, et al. Salivary testosterone: associations with depression, anxiety disorders, and antidepressant use in a large cohort studyJ Psychosom Res. (2012)
  371. Feldman HA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2002)
  372. Wu FC, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging StudyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2008)
  373. Handelsman DJ, et al. Age-specific population centiles for androgen status in menEur J Endocrinol. (2015)
  374. Cote KA, et al. Sleep deprivation lowers reactive aggression and testosterone in menBiol Psychol. (2013)
  375. Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy menJAMA. (2011)
  376. Penev PD. Association between sleep and morning testosterone levels in older menSleep. (2007)
  377. González-Santos MR, et al. Sleep deprivation and adaptive hormonal responses of healthy menArch Androl. (1989)
  378. Cortés-Gallegos V, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces circulating androgens in healthy menArch Androl. (1983)
  379. Nedeltcheva AV, et al. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposityAnn Intern Med. (2010)
  380. O’Leary CB, Hackney AC. Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on the testosterone and cortisol responses in obese males: a systematic reviewPhysiol Res. (2014)
  381. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and trainingSports Med. (2005)
  382. Daly W, et al. Relationship between stress hormones and testosterone with prolonged endurance exerciseEur J Appl Physiol. (2005)
  383. Hackney AC, Aggon E. Chronic Low Testosterone Levels in Endurance Trained Men: The Exercise- Hypogonadal Male ConditionJ Biochem Physiol. (2018)
  384. Grossmann M. Low testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes: significance and treatmentJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2011)
  385. Tajar A, et al. Characteristics of secondary, primary, and compensated hypogonadism in aging men: evidence from the European Male Ageing StudyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2010)
  386. Hall SA, et al. Correlates of low testosterone and symptomatic androgen deficiency in a population-based sampleJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2008)
  387. Grossmann M, Matsumoto AM. A Perspective on Middle-Aged and Older Men With Functional Hypogonadism: Focus on Holistic ManagementJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2017)
  388. Corona G, et al. Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysisEur J Endocrinol. (2013)
  389. Camacho EM, et al. Age-associated changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in middle-aged and older men are modified by weight change and lifestyle factors: longitudinal results from the European Male Ageing StudyEur J Endocrinol. (2013)
  390. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, et al. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.
  391. Heaney R, et al. Letter to Veugelers, P.J. and Ekwaru, J.P., A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4472-4475; doi:10.3390/nu6104472Nutrients. (2015)
  392. Veugelers PJ, Ekwaru JP. A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin DNutrients. (2014)
  393. Netter A, Hartoma R, Nahoul K. Effect of zinc administration on plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and sperm countArch Androl. (1981)
  394. Chang CS, et al. Correlation between serum testosterone level and concentrations of copper and zinc in hair tissueBiol Trace Elem Res. (2011)
  395. Tang YM, et al. Relationships between micronutrient losses in sweat and blood pressure among heat-exposed steelworkersInd Health. (2016)
  396. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.
  397. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common coldCochrane Database Syst Rev. (2011)
  398. Valentiner-Branth P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of zinc as adjuvant therapy in children 2-35 mo of age with severe or nonsevere pneumonia in Bhaktapur, NepalAm J Clin Nutr. (2010)
  399. Willis MS, et al. Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examinationAm J Clin Pathol. (2005)
  400. Afrin LB. Fatal copper deficiency from excessive use of zinc-based denture adhesiveAm J Med Sci. (2010)
  401. Maggio M, et al. The Interplay between Magnesium and Testosterone in Modulating Physical Function in MenInt J Endocrinol. (2014)
  402. Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS. Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and FunctionJ Am Osteopath Assoc. (2018)
  403. Costello RB, Moser-Veillon PB. A review of magnesium intake in the elderly. A cause for concern?Magnes Res. (1992)
  404. Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC. Update on the relationship between magnesium and exerciseMagnes Res. (2006)
  405. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research; Marriott BM, editor. Washington (DC). Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, “Influence of Exercise and Heat on Magnesium Metabolism”National Academies Press (US). (1993)
  406. Consolazio CF, et al. Excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium and iron in human sweat and the relation of each to balance and requirementsJ Nutr. (1963)
  407. Yoshimura Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Orally Administered Magnesium Oxide in RatsYakugaku Zasshi. (2017)
  408. Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparationsMagnes Res. (2001)
  409. Gonzales-Arimborgo C, et al. Acceptability, Safety, and Efficacy of Oral Administration of Extracts of Black or Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii) in Adult Human Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyPharmaceuticals (Basel). (2016)
  410. Zenico T, et al. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trialAndrologia. (2009)
  411. Gonzales GF, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy menAndrologia. (2002)
  412. Dording CM, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in womenEvid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2015)
  413. G. D’Aniello, et al. D-asparate, a key element for the improvement of sperm qualityAdvances in Sexual Medicine. (2012)
  414. Topo E, et al. The role and molecular mechanism of D-aspartic acid in the release and synthesis of LH and testosterone in humans and ratsReprod Biol Endocrinol. (2009)
  415. Melville GW, Siegler JC, Marshall PW. Three and six grams supplementation of d-aspartic acid in resistance trained menJ Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2015)
  416. Willoughby DS, Leutholtz B. D-aspartic acid supplementation combined with 28 days of heavy resistance training has no effect on body composition, muscle strength, and serum hormones associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in resistance-trained menNutr Res. (2013)
  417. Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitaminJ Pharmacol Pharmacother. (2012)
  418. Parker GB, Brotchie H, Graham RK. Vitamin D and depressionJ Affect Disord. (2017)
  419. Allan GM, et al. Vitamin D: A Narrative Review Examining the Evidence for Ten BeliefsJ Gen Intern Med. (2016)
  420. Gowda U, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNutrition. (2015)
  421. Spedding S. Vitamin D and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flawsNutrients. (2014)
  422. Vellekkatt F, Menon V. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ Postgrad Med. (2018)
  423. Vaziri F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on perinatal depression: in Iranian pregnant mothersBMC Pregnancy Childbirth. (2016)
  424. Laurent MR, et al. Hypervitaminosis D Associated With Tanning Bed Use: A Case ReportAnn Intern Med. (2017)
  425. Rodgers S, et al. Serum testosterone levels and symptom-based depression subtypes in menFront Psychiatry. (2015)
  426. Johnson JM, Nachtigall LB, Stern TA. The effect of testosterone levels on mood in men: a reviewPsychosomatics. (2013)
  427. Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a reviewTher Clin Risk Manag. (2009)
  428. Zarrouf FA, et al. Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysisJ Psychiatr Pract. (2009)
  429. Davis SR, Wahlin-Jacobsen S. Testosterone in women–the clinical significanceLancet Diabetes Endocrinol. (2015)
  430. Sharma A, Madaan V, Petty FD. Exercise for mental healthPrim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. (2006)
  431. Melrose S. Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment ApproachesDepress Res Treat. (2015)
  432. O’Hare C, et al. Seasonal and meteorological associations with depressive symptoms in older adults: A geo-epidemiological studyJ Affect Disord. (2016)
  433. Golden RN, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidenceAm J Psychiatry. (2005)
  434. Lam RW, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorderAm J Psychiatry. (2006)
  435. Kerr DC, et al. Associations between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in healthy young adult womenPsychiatry Res. (2015)
  436. Frandsen TB, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for treatment of seasonal affective symptoms in healthcare professionals: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trialBMC Res Notes. (2014)
  437. Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adultsNutr Res. (2011)
  438. Haq A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency: A single centre analysis of patients from 136 countriesJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2016)
  439. Fulgoni VL 3rd, et al. Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients?J Nutr. (2011)
  440. Blumberg JB, et al. Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy in Various Adult Age GroupsNutrients. (2017)
  441. Moore CE, Radcliffe JD, Liu Y. Vitamin D intakes of adults differ by income, gender and race/ethnicity in the U.S.A., 2007 to 2010Public Health Nutr. (2014)
  442. Zittermann A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation, body weight and human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response: a systematic reviewEur J Nutr. (2014)
  443. Kennel KA, Drake MT, Hurley DL. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treatMayo Clin Proc. (2010)
  444. Bordelon P, Ghetu MV, Langan RC. Recognition and management of vitamin D deficiencyAm Fam Physician. (2009)
  445. Maggio M, et al. Magnesium and anabolic hormones in older menInt J Androl. (2011)
  446. Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, González-Pinto A. Nutritional supplements in depressive disordersActas Esp Psiquiatr. (2017)
  447. Cortese BM, Phan KL. The role of glutamate in anxiety and related disordersCNS Spectr. (2005)
  448. Bergink V, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG. Glutamate and anxietyEur Neuropsychopharmacol. (2004)
  449. Tarleton EK, Littenberg B. Magnesium intake and depression in adultsJ Am Board Fam Med. (2015)
  450. Derom ML, et al. Magnesium and depression: a systematic reviewNutr Neurosci. (2013)
  451. Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic ReviewNutrients. (2017)
  452. Fard FE, et al. Effects of zinc and magnesium supplements on postpartum depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled clinical trialWomen Health. (2017)
  453. Phelan D, et al. Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysisBJPsych Open. (2018)
  454. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, page 242.
  455. Li Z, et al. Association of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression in the US adultsJ Affect Disord. (2018)
  456. Roy A, et al. Higher zinc intake buffers the impact of stress on depressive symptoms in pregnancyNutr Res. (2010)
  457. Ranjbar E, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation in patients with major depression: a randomized clinical trialIran J Psychiatry. (2013)
  458. Swardfager W, et al. Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorderNeurosci Biobehav Rev. (2013)
  459. Nowak G, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled studyPol J Pharmacol. (2003)
  460. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, page 446.
  461. Meunier N, et al. Importance of zinc in the elderly: the ZENITH studyEur J Clin Nutr. (2005)
  462. Blumberg J. Nutritional needs of seniorsJ Am Coll Nutr. (1997)
  463. Tipton K, et al. Zinc loss in sweat of athletes exercising in hot and neutral temperaturesInt J Sport Nutr. (1993)
  464. Cashman KD, et al. Improved Dietary Guidelines for Vitamin D: Application of Individual Participant Data (IPD)-Level Meta-Regression AnalysesNutrients. (2017)
  465. Grosso G, et al. Dietary n-3 PUFA, fish consumption and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studiesJ Affect Disord. (2016)
  466. Mocking RJ, et al. Meta-analysis and meta-regression of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for major depressive disorderTransl Psychiatry. (2016)
  467. Burhani MD, Rasenick MM. Fish oil and depression: The skinny on fatsJ Integr Neurosci. (2017)
  468. Bastiaansen JA, et al. The efficacy of fish oil supplements in the treatment of depression: food for thoughtTransl Psychiatry. (2016)
  469. Lane K, et al. Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the literatureCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2014)
  470. Hussein N, et al. Long-chain conversion of 13Clinoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in response to marked changes in their dietary intake in menJ Lipid Res. (2005)
  471. Pawlosky RJ, et al. Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humansJ Lipid Res. (2001)
  472. Fokkema MR, et al. Short-term supplementation of low-dose gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or GLA plus ALA does not augment LCP omega 3 status of Dutch vegans to an appreciable extentProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2000)
  473. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult malesBiochim Biophys Acta. (1994)
  474. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition, page 245, table 49.
  475. Jenkins TA, et al. Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain AxisNutrients. (2016)
  476. Cowen PJ, Browning M. What has serotonin to do with depression?World Psychiatry. (2015)
  477. Feder A, et al. Tryptophan depletion and emotional processing in healthy volunteers at high risk for depressionBiol Psychiatry. (2011)
  478. Richard DM, et al. L-Tryptophan: Basic Metabolic Functions, Behavioral Research and Therapeutic IndicationsInt J Tryptophan Res. (2009)
  479. Young SN, Leyton M. The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction. Insight from altered tryptophan levelsPharmacol Biochem Behav. (2002)
  480. Lindseth G, Helland B, Caspers J. The effects of dietary tryptophan on affective disordersArch Psychiatr Nurs. (2015)
  481. Kroes MC, et al. Food can lift mood by affecting mood-regulating neurocircuits via a serotonergic mechanismNeuroimage. (2014)
  482. Møller SE, Kirk L, Honoré P. Relationship between plasma ratio of tryptophan to competing amino acids and the response to L-tryptophan treatment in endogenously depressed patientsJ Affect Disord. (1980)
  483. Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism and function in the skinMol Cell Endocrinol. (2011)
  484. Antony R Young, Joël Claveau, Ana Beatris Rossi. Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: Photobiology and sunscreen photoprotectionJ Am Acad Dermatol. (2017)
  485. A Faurschou, et al. The relation between sunscreen layer thickness and vitamin D production after ultraviolet B exposure: a randomized clinical trialBr J Dermatol. (2012)
  486. Mantas Grigalavicius, Vladimir Iani, Asta Juzeniene. Layer Thickness of SPF 30 Sunscreen and Formation of Pre-vitamin DAnticancer Res. (2016)
  487. Libon F, et al. Sunscreens block cutaneous vitamin D production with only a minimal effect on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin DArch Osteoporos. (2017)
  488. Bibi Petersen, Hans Christian Wulf. Application of sunscreen–theory and realityPhotodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. (Apr-Jun)
  489. R E Neale, et al. The effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a reviewBr J Dermatol. (2019)
  490. T Passeron, et al. Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D statusBr J Dermatol. (2019)
  491. Barbara B Shih, et al. Fractional Sunburn Threshold UVR Doses Generate Equivalent Vitamin D and DNA Damage in Skin Types I-VI but with Epidermal DNA Damage Gradient Correlated to Skin DarknessJ Invest Dermatol. (2018)
  492. Ann R Webb, et al. Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK LatitudesNutrients. (2018)
  493. Ann R Webb, et al. Meeting Vitamin D Requirements in White Caucasians at UK Latitudes: Providing a ChoiceNutrients. (2018)
  494. A R Webb, B R DeCosta, M F Holick. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1989)
  495. Engelsen O, Kylling A. Fast simulation tool for ultraviolet radiation at the earth’s surfaceOpt Eng. (2005)
  496. John C Dowdy, Robert M Sayre, Michael F Holick. Holick’s rule and vitamin D from sunlightJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. (2010)
  497. Vitaly Terushkin, et al. Estimated equivalency of vitamin D production from natural sun exposure versus oral vitamin D supplementation across seasons at two US latitudesJ Am Acad Dermatol. (2010)
  498. Ann R Webb, Ola Engelsen. Calculated ultraviolet exposure levels for a healthy vitamin D statusPhotochem Photobiol. (Nov-Dec)

OUTROS CONTEÚDOS

vitamina D

VITAMINA D

Quais cuidados você precisa ter, como suplementar e quais benefícios que ela traz pro nosso organismo.

Leia Mais »

ÔMEGA 3

Como escolher um bom suplemento de ômega 3? É exatamente isso que eu vou te explicar nesse post.

Leia Mais »

MAGNÉSIO

Quais cuidados você precisa ter, como suplementar e quais benefícios que ela traz pro nosso organismo.

Leia Mais »

Copyright © 2020. Bruno Motta - Nutrição e Exercício. Todos os direitos Reservados.

Enviar
1
Olá! 👋🏼 Como posso ajudar?
Olá! Como posso te ajudar?